FAQ: What does (n.d.) mean in APA Style?

No Date

When an online or print article does not contain a date of publication, the APA format uses the abbreviation (n.d.) to specify no date. Online books, websites, and other materials cited that do not contain a copyright or date published also use (n.d.). 

Using (n.d.)

General Format

Author. (n.d.). Title. Source.

For Example

United Nations. (n.d.). Water action decade, 2018-2028: Averting a global water crisis. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-action-decade/

Corresponding In-Text Citation

(United Nations, n.d.)

OR

United Nations (n.d.)

More Information

• Missing Reference Information This link opens in a new window (APA Style Website)
• APA Style Guide (Shapiro Library)

Disclaimer

This information is intended to be a guideline, not expert advice. Please be sure to speak to your professor about the appropriate way to cite sources in your class assignments and projects.