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In-text citations (also known as parenthetical citations or narrative citations) give brief details that reference the original source of a quote or paraphrase within the body of a paper. Any source that is referenced in-text must also be listed in the reference list. To create a parenthetical in-text citation, use the author's last name followed by a comma and the publication year, all in parentheses. To create a narrative citation, mention the author's name in the sentence and include the date immediately after in parentheses. This is known as the author-date citation system.
(Michaelson, 2016)
Michaelson (2016)
(Michaelson, 2016, p. 588)
Michaelson, 2016, pp. 595-601)
The author's last name and the date can be included at the beginning, middle, or end of the paraphrased sentence. You may also want to include page numbers to help the reader find the relevant text, but it is not required (see p. 269 of the APA Manual for more information).
Michaelson (2016) examined the use of novels in business ethics education (pp. 594-598).
The argument of over if someone is right or someone is wrong Michaelson (2016) argued, is not the point of the exercise (p. 599).
The author uses novels in his MBA classes and he begins by holding a discussion about the urgent nature of business (Michaelson, 2016, p. 600).
The APA Style blog has additional information and examples regarding how to create in-text citations for paraphrased information This link opens in a new window.
List the author's last name, the publication date, and the page number in parentheses at the end. Alternatively, list the author's last name and publication date in the sentence and put the page number in parentheses at the end.
The author uses novels to teach business ethics because "it involves, arguably, a belief that exposure to alternative narratives of capitalism can shape our understanding of its purpose and function" (Michaelson, 2016, p. 599).
According to Michaelson (2016), "novels cultivate appreciation for that which cannot simply be measured by a return-on-investment calculation. They elicit empathy for nonfinancial value, the very kind of value that is underemphasized by modern management education that has contributed to the deficit of professionalism and ethics that society faces" (p. 603).
The APA Style blog has additional information and examples regarding how to create in-text citations for direct quotes This link opens in a new window.
This information is intended to be a guideline, not expert advice. Please be sure to speak to your professor about the appropriate way to cite sources in your class assignments and projects.
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American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Michaelson, C. (2016). A novel approach to business ethics education: Exploring how to live and work in the 21st century. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 15(3), 588-606. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2014.0129
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